Capybara

Capybara helps you test web applications by simulating how a real user would
interact with your app. It is agnostic about the driver running your tests and
comes with Rack::Test and Selenium support built in. WebKit is supported
through an external gem.

Need help? Ask on the mailing list (please do not open an issue on
GitHub): http://groups.google.com/group/ruby-capybara

Key benefits

No setup necessary for Rails and Rack application. Works out of the box.
Intuitive API which mimics the language an actual user would use.
Switch the backend your tests run against from fast headless mode
to an actual browser with no changes to your tests.
Powerful synchronization features mean you never have to manually wait
for asynchronous processes to complete.

Setup

Capybara requires Ruby 1.9.3 or later. To install, type:

gem install capybara

If the application that you are testing is a Rails app, add this line to your test helper file:

require 'capybara/rails'

If the application that you are testing is a Rack app, but not Rails, set Capybara.app to your Rack app:

Capybara.app = MyRackApp

If you need to test JavaScript, or if your app interacts with (or is located at)
a remote URL, you'll need to use a different driver.

Using Capybara with Cucumber

The cucumber-rails gem comes with Capybara support built-in. If you
are not using Rails, manually load the capybara/cucumber module:

require 'capybara/cucumber'
Capybara.app = MyRackApp

You can use the Capybara DSL in your steps, like so:

When /I sign in/ do
  within("#session") do
    fill_in 'Login', :with => 'user@example.com'
    fill_in 'Password', :with => 'password'
  end
  click_link 'Sign in'
end

You can switch to the Capybara.javascript_driver (:selenium
by default) by tagging scenarios (or features) with @javascript:

@javascript
Scenario: do something Ajaxy
  When I click the Ajax link
  ...

There are also explicit @selenium and @rack_test
tags set up for you.

Using Capybara with RSpec

Load RSpec 2.x support by adding the following line (typically to your
spec_helper.rb file):

require 'capybara/rspec'

If you are using Rails, put your Capybara specs in spec/features.

If you are not using Rails, tag all the example groups in which you want to use
Capybara with :type => :feature.

You can now write your specs like so:

describe "the signup process", :type => :feature do
  before :each do
    User.make(:email => 'user@example.com', :password => 'caplin')
  end

  it "signs me in" do
    visit '/sessions/new'
    within("#session") do
      fill_in 'Login', :with => 'user@example.com'
      fill_in 'Password', :with => 'password'
    end
    click_link 'Sign in'
    page.should have_content 'Success'
  end
end

Use :js => true to switch to the Capybara.javascript_driver
(:selenium by default), or provide a :driver option to switch
to one specific driver. For example:

describe 'some stuff which requires js', :js => true do
  it 'will use the default js driver'
  it 'will switch to one specific driver', :driver => :webkit
end

Finally, Capybara also comes with a built in DSL for creating descriptive acceptance tests:

feature "Signing up" do
  background do
    User.make(:email => 'user@example.com', :password => 'caplin')
  end

  scenario "Signing in with correct credentials" do
    visit '/sessions/new'
    within("#session") do
      fill_in 'Login', :with => 'user@example.com'
      fill_in 'Password', :with => 'caplin'
    end
    click_link 'Sign in'
    page.should have_content 'Success'
  end

  given(:other_user) { User.make(:email => 'other@example.com', :password => 'rous') }

  scenario "Signing in as another user" do
    visit '/sessions/new'
    within("#session") do
      fill_in 'Login', :with => other_user.email
      fill_in 'Password', :with => other_user.password
    end
    click_link 'Sign in'
    page.should have_content 'Invalid email or password'
  end
end

feature is in fact just an alias for describe ..., :type => :feature,
background is an alias for before, scenario for it, and
given/given! aliases for let/let!, respectively.

Using Capybara with Test::Unit

If you are using Rails, add the following code in your test_helper.rb
file to make Capybara available in all test cases deriving from
ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest:
```
class ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
  # Make the Capybara DSL available in all integration tests
  include Capybara::DSL
end
```

If you are not using Rails, define a base class for your Capybara tests like
so:

class CapybaraTestCase < Test::Unit::TestCase
  include Capybara::DSL

  def teardown
    Capybara.reset_sessions!
    Capybara.use_default_driver
  end
end

Remember to call super in any subclasses that override
teardown.

To switch the driver, set Capybara.current_driver. For instance,

class BlogTest < ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest
  setup do
    Capybara.current_driver = Capybara.javascript_driver # :selenium by default
  end

  test 'shows blog posts' do
    # ... this test is run with Selenium ...
  end
end

Using Capybara with MiniTest::Spec

Set up your base class as with Test::Unit. (On Rails, the right base class
could be something other than ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest.)

The capybara_minitest_spec gem (Github,
rubygems.org) provides MiniTest::Spec
expectations for Capybara. For example:

page.must_have_content('Important!')

Drivers

Capybara uses the same DSL to drive a variety of browser and headless drivers.

Selecting the Driver

By default, Capybara uses the :rack_test driver, which is fast but limited: it
does not support JavaScript, nor is it able to access HTTP resources outside of
your Rack application, such as remote APIs and OAuth services. To get around
these limitations, you can set up a different default driver for your features.
For example if you'd prefer to run everything in Selenium, you could do:

Capybara.default_driver = :selenium

However, if you are using RSpec or Cucumber, you may instead want to consider
leaving the faster :rack_test as the default_driver, and marking only those
tests that require a JavaScript-capable driver using :js => true or
@javascript, respectively. By default, JavaScript tests are run using the
:selenium driver. You can change this by setting
Capybara.javascript_driver.

You can also change the driver temporarily (typically in the Before/setup and
After/teardown blocks):

Capybara.current_driver = :webkit # temporarily select different driver
... tests ...
Capybara.use_default_driver       # switch back to default driver

Note: switching the driver creates a new session, so you may not be able to
switch in the middle of a test.

RackTest

RackTest is Capybara's default driver. It is written in pure Ruby and does not
have any support for executing JavaScript. Since the RackTest driver interacts
directly with Rack interfaces, it does not require a server to be started.
However, this means that if your application is not a Rack application (Rails,
Sinatra and most other Ruby frameworks are Rack applications) then you cannot
use this driver. Furthermore, you cannot use the RackTest driver to test a
remote application, or to access remote URLs (e.g., redirects to external
sites, external APIs, or OAuth services) that your application might interact
with.

capybara-mechanize
provides a similar driver that can access remote servers.

RackTest can be configured with a set of headers like this:

Capybara.register_driver :rack_test do |app|
  Capybara::RackTest::Driver.new(app, :browser => :chrome)
end

See the section on adding and configuring drivers.

Selenium

At the moment, Capybara supports Selenium 2.0
(Webdriver),
not Selenium RC. Provided Firefox is installed, everything is set up for you,
and you should be able to start using Selenium right away.

Note: drivers which run the server in a different thread may not work share the
same transaction as your tests, causing data not to be shared between your test
and test server, see "Transactions and database setup" below.

Capybara-webkit

The capybara-webkit driver is for true headless
testing. It uses QtWebKit to start a rendering engine process. It can execute JavaScript as well.
It is significantly faster than drivers like Selenium since it does not load an entire browser.

You can install it with:

gem install capybara-webkit

And you can use it by:

Capybara.javascript_driver = :webkit

Poltergeist

Poltergeist is another
headless driver which integrates Capybara with
PhantomJS. It is truly headless, so doesn't
require Xvfb to run on your CI server. It will also detect and report
any Javascript errors that happen within the page.

The DSL

A complete reference is available at
rubydoc.info.

Note: All searches in Capybara are case sensitive. This is because
Capybara heavily uses XPath, which doesn't support case insensitivity.

Navigating

You can use the
#visit
method to navigate to other pages:

visit('/projects')
visit(post_comments_path(post))

The visit method only takes a single parameter, the request method is always
GET.

You can get the current path
of the browsing session for test assertions:

current_path.should == post_comments_path(post)

Clicking links and buttons

Full reference: Capybara::Node::Actions

You can interact with the webapp by following links and buttons. Capybara
automatically follows any redirects, and submits forms associated with buttons.

click_link('id-of-link')
click_link('Link Text')
click_button('Save')
click_on('Link Text') # clicks on either links or buttons
click_on('Button Value')

Interacting with forms

Full reference: Capybara::Node::Actions

There are a number of tools for interacting with form elements:

fill_in('First Name', :with => 'John')
fill_in('Password', :with => 'Seekrit')
fill_in('Description', :with => 'Really Long Text...')
choose('A Radio Button')
check('A Checkbox')
uncheck('A Checkbox')
attach_file('Image', '/path/to/image.jpg')
select('Option', :from => 'Select Box')

Querying

Full reference: Capybara::Node::Matchers

Capybara has a rich set of options for querying the page for the existence of
certain elements, and working with and manipulating those elements.

page.has_selector?('table tr')
page.has_selector?(:xpath, '//table/tr')

page.has_xpath?('//table/tr')
page.has_css?('table tr.foo')
page.has_content?('foo')

Note: The negative forms like has_no_selector? are different from not has_selector?. Read the section on asynchronous JavaScript for an explanation.

You can use these with RSpec's magic matchers:

page.should have_selector('table tr')
page.should have_selector(:xpath, '//table/tr')

page.should have_xpath('//table/tr')
page.should have_css('table tr.foo')
page.should have_content('foo')

Finding

Full reference: Capybara::Node::Finders

You can also find specific elements, in order to manipulate them:

find_field('First Name').value
find_link('Hello').visible?
find_button('Send').click

find(:xpath, "//table/tr").click
find("#overlay").find("h1").click
all('a').each { |a| a[:href] }

Note: find will wait for an element to appear on the page, as explained in the
Ajax section. If the element does not appear it will raise an error.

These elements all have all the Capybara DSL methods available, so you can restrict them
to specific parts of the page:

find('#navigation').click_link('Home')
find('#navigation').should have_button('Sign out')

Scoping

Capybara makes it possible to restrict certain actions, such as interacting with
forms or clicking links and buttons, to within a specific area of the page. For
this purpose you can use the generic
within
method. Optionally you can specify which kind of selector to use.

within("li#employee") do
  fill_in 'Name', :with => 'Jimmy'
end

within(:xpath, "//li[@id='employee']") do
  fill_in 'Name', :with => 'Jimmy'
end

Note: within will scope the actions to the first (not any) element that matches the selector.

There are special methods for restricting the scope to a specific fieldset,
identified by either an id or the text of the fieldset's legend tag, and to a
specific table, identified by either id or text of the table's caption tag.

within_fieldset('Employee') do
  fill_in 'Name', :with => 'Jimmy'
end

within_table('Employee') do
  fill_in 'Name', :with => 'Jimmy'
end

Scripting

In drivers which support it, you can easily execute JavaScript:

page.execute_script("$('body').empty()")

For simple expressions, you can return the result of the script. Note
that this may break with more complicated expressions:

result = page.evaluate_script('4 + 4');

Debugging

It can be useful to take a snapshot of the page as it currently is and take a
look at it:

save_and_open_page

You can also retrieve the current state of the DOM as a string using
page.html.

print page.html

This is mostly useful for debugging. You should avoid testing against the
contents of page.html and use the more expressive finder methods instead.

Finally, in drivers that support it, you can save a screenshot:

page.save_screenshot('screenshot.png')

Matching

It is possible to customize how Capybara finds elements. At your disposal
are two options, Capybara.exact and Capybara.match.

Exactness

Capybara.exact and the exact option work together with the is expression
inside the XPath gem. When exact is true, all is expressions match exactly,
when it is false, they allow substring matches. Many of the selectors built into
Capybara use the is expression. This way you can specify whether you want to
allow substring matches or not. Capybara.exact is false by default.

For example:

click_link("Password") # also matches "Password confirmation"
Capybara.exact = true
click_link("Password") # does not match "Password confirmation"
click_link("Password", exact: false) # can be overridden

Strategy

Using Capybara.match and the equivalent match option, you can control how
Capybara behaves when multiple elements all match a query. There are currently
four different strategies built into Capybara:

first: Just picks the first element that matches.
one: Raises an error if more than one element matches.
smart: If exact is true, raises an error if more than one element
matches, just like one. If exact is false, it will first try to find
an exact match. An error is raised if more than one element is found. If no
element is found, a new search is performed which allows partial matches. If
that search returns multiple matches, an error is raised.
prefer_exact: If multiple matches are found, some of which are exact,
and some of which are not, then the first exactly matching element is
returned.

The default for Capybara.match is :smart. To emulate the behaviour in
Capybara 2.0.x, set Capybara.match to :one. To emulate the behaviour in
Capybara 1.x, set Capybara.match to :prefer_exact.

Transactions and database setup

Some Capybara drivers need to run against an actual HTTP server. Capybara takes
care of this and starts one for you in the same process as your test, but on
another thread. Selenium is one of those drivers, whereas RackTest is not.

If you are using a SQL database, it is common to run every test in a
transaction, which is rolled back at the end of the test, rspec-rails does this
by default out of the box for example. Since transactions are usually not
shared across threads, this will cause data you have put into the database in
your test code to be invisible to Capybara.

Cucumber handles this by using truncation instead of transactions, i.e. they
empty out the entire database after each test. You can get the same behaviour
by using a gem such as database_cleaner.

It is also possible to force your ORM to use the same transaction for all
threads. This may have thread safety implications and could cause strange
failures, so use caution with this approach. It can be implemented in
ActiveRecord through the following monkey patch:

class ActiveRecord::Base
  mattr_accessor :shared_connection
  @@shared_connection = nil

  def self.connection
    @@shared_connection || retrieve_connection
  end
end
ActiveRecord::Base.shared_connection = ActiveRecord::Base.connection

Asynchronous JavaScript (Ajax and friends)

When working with asynchronous JavaScript, you might come across situations
where you are attempting to interact with an element which is not yet present
on the page. Capybara automatically deals with this by waiting for elements
to appear on the page.

When issuing instructions to the DSL such as:

click_link('foo')
click_link('bar')
page.should have_content('baz')

If clicking on the foo link triggers an asynchronous process, such as
an Ajax request, which, when complete will add the bar link to the page,
clicking on the bar link would be expected to fail, since that link doesn't
exist yet. However Capybara is smart enough to retry finding the link for a
brief period of time before giving up and throwing an error. The same is true of
the next line, which looks for the content baz on the page; it will retry
looking for that content for a brief time. You can adjust how long this period
is (the default is 2 seconds):

Capybara.default_wait_time = 5

Be aware that because of this behaviour, the following two statements are not
equivalent, and you should always use the latter!

!page.has_xpath?('a')
page.has_no_xpath?('a')

The former would immediately fail because the content has not yet been removed.
Only the latter would wait for the asynchronous process to remove the content
from the page.

Capybara's Rspec matchers, however, are smart enough to handle either form.
The two following statements are functionally equivalent:

page.should_not have_xpath('a')
page.should have_no_xpath('a')

Capybara's waiting behaviour is quite advanced, and can deal with situations
such as the following line of code:

find('#sidebar').find('h1').should have_content('Something')

Even if JavaScript causes #sidebar to disappear off the page, Capybara
will automatically reload it and any elements it contains. So if an AJAX
request causes the contents of #sidebar to change, which would update
the text of the h1 to "Something", and this happened, this test would
pass. If you do not want this behaviour, you can set
Capybara.automatic_reload to false.

Using the DSL elsewhere

You can mix the DSL into any context by including Capybara::DSL:

require 'capybara'
require 'capybara/dsl'

Capybara.default_driver = :webkit

module MyModule
  include Capybara::DSL

  def login!
    within("//form[@id='session']") do
      fill_in 'Login', :with => 'user@example.com'
      fill_in 'Password', :with => 'password'
    end
    click_link 'Sign in'
  end
end

This enables its use in unsupported testing frameworks, and for general-purpose scripting.

Calling remote servers

Normally Capybara expects to be testing an in-process Rack application, but you
can also use it to talk to a web server running anywhere on the internet, by
setting app_host:

Capybara.current_driver = :selenium
Capybara.app_host = 'http://www.google.com'
...
visit('/')

Note: the default driver (:rack_test) does not support running
against a remote server. With drivers that support it, you can also visit any
URL directly:

visit('http://www.google.com')

By default Capybara will try to boot a rack application automatically. You
might want to switch off Capybara's rack server if you are running against a
remote application:

Capybara.run_server = false

Using the sessions manually

For ultimate control, you can instantiate and use a
Session
manually.

require 'capybara'

session = Capybara::Session.new(:webkit, my_rack_app)
session.within("//form[@id='session']") do
  session.fill_in 'Login', :with => 'user@example.com'
  session.fill_in 'Password', :with => 'password'
end
session.click_link 'Sign in'

XPath, CSS and selectors

Capybara does not try to guess what kind of selector you are going to give it,
and will always use CSS by default. If you want to use XPath, you'll need to
do:

within(:xpath, '//ul/li') { ... }
find(:xpath, '//ul/li').text
find(:xpath, '//li[contains(.//a[@href = "#"]/text(), "foo")]').value

Alternatively you can set the default selector to XPath:

Capybara.default_selector = :xpath
find('//ul/li').text

Capybara allows you to add custom selectors, which can be very useful if you
find yourself using the same kinds of selectors very often:

Capybara.add_selector(:id) do
  xpath { |id| XPath.descendant[XPath.attr(:id) == id.to_s] }
end

Capybara.add_selector(:row) do
  xpath { |num| ".//tbody/tr[#{num}]" }
end

Capybara.add_selector(:flash_type) do
  css { |type| "#flash.#{type}" }
end

The block given to xpath must always return an XPath expression as a String, or
an XPath expression generated through the XPath gem. You can now use these
selectors like this:

find(:id, 'post_123')
find(:row, 3)
find(:flash_type, :notice)

Beware the XPath // trap

In XPath the expression // means something very specific, and it might not be what
you think. Contrary to common belief, // means "anywhere in the document" not "anywhere
in the current context". As an example:

page.find(:xpath, '//body').all(:xpath, '//script')

You might expect this to find all script tags in the body, but actually, it finds all
script tags in the entire document, not only those in the body! What you're looking
for is the .// expression which means "any descendant of the current node":

page.find(:xpath, '//body').all(:xpath, './/script')

The same thing goes for within:

within(:xpath, '//body') do
  page.find(:xpath, './/script')
  within(:xpath, './/table/tbody') do
  ...
  end
end

Configuring and adding drivers

Capybara makes it convenient to switch between different drivers. It also exposes
an API to tweak those drivers with whatever settings you want, or to add your own
drivers. This is how to switch the selenium driver to use chrome:

Capybara.register_driver :selenium do |app|
  Capybara::Selenium::Driver.new(app, :browser => :chrome)
end

However, it's also possible to give this a different name, so tests can switch
between using different browsers effortlessly:

Capybara.register_driver :selenium_chrome do |app|
  Capybara::Selenium::Driver.new(app, :browser => :chrome)
end

Whatever is returned from the block should conform to the API described by
Capybara::Driver::Base, it does not however have to inherit from this class.
Gems can use this API to add their own drivers to Capybara.

The Selenium wiki has
additional info about how the underlying driver can be configured.

Gotchas:

Access to session and request is not possible from the test, Access to
response is limited. Some drivers allow access to response headers and HTTP
status code, but this kind of functionality is not provided by some drivers,
such as Selenium.
Access to Rails specific stuff (such as controller) is unavailable,
since we're not using Rails' integration testing.
Freezing time: It's common practice to mock out the Time so that features
that depend on the current Date work as expected. This can be problematic,
since Capybara's Ajax timing uses the system time, resulting in Capybara
never timing out and just hanging when a failure occurs. It's still possible to
use gems which allow you to travel in time, rather than freeze time.
One such gem is Timecop.
When using Rack::Test, beware if attempting to visit absolute URLs. For
example, a session might not be shared between visits to posts_path
and posts_url. If testing an absolute URL in an Action Mailer email,
set default_url_options to match the Rails default of
www.example.com.

Development

To set up a development environment, simply do:

bundle install
bundle exec rake  # run the test suite

See
CONTRIBUTING.md
for how to send issues and pull requests.

carloslopes/capybara